Yeah if you have those crank style ones it’s possible at least. I’ve only seen one which was a push to open window with screen on the inside that opened on a hinge, but it seemed like it had a pretty poor seal with the wall as a result and bugs would have an easier time crawling through.
Honestly having the screen on the inside is probably more convenient too. If you’re cleaning both sides of a window where you’d have to remove the screen either way, I imagine it’s easier to remove the screen from inside than outside just given the elevation differences.
Shutters are less commonly used here, usually found more on older homes. Their intended purpose is protection during storms, but sometimes people install “fake” ones just as decoration.
For light management/privacy, most houses I’ve seen have adjustable blinds inside that you raise or lower to let more or less light in.
Grating or grates is right, and sometimes people just call them window bars.